Prerequisites
Before reading this page, you should be familiar with:
Equivalence Relation
Definition
An equivalence relation on a set \(A\) is a relation \(\sim\) that is:
- Reflexive: \(\forall a \in A, a \sim a\)
- Symmetric: \(\forall a, b \in A, a \sim b \implies b \sim a\)
- Transitive: \(\forall a, b, c \in A, a \sim b \land b \sim c \implies a \sim c\)
Equivalence Class
For \(a \in A\), the equivalence class of \(a\) is:
\[[a] = \{x \in A : x \sim a\}\]
Partition
The equivalence classes form a partition of \(A\): - Every element is in some class - Classes are disjoint
Examples
Example 1: Equality
The equality relation \(=\) is an equivalence relation.
\([a] = \{a\}\) for all \(a \in A\).
Example 2: Congruence Modulo \(n\)
\[a \equiv b \pmod{n} \iff n \mid (a - b)\]
This is an equivalence relation on \(\mathbb{Z}\).
\([a] = \{\ldots, a-2n, a-n, a, a+n, a+2n, \ldots\}\)
Example 3: Same Parity
\[a \sim b \iff a \text{ and } b \text{ are both even or both odd}\]
Two equivalence classes: \([0]\) (even integers) and \([1]\) (odd integers).
Related
- Relation — The general concept
- Set — The underlying set
- Cartesian Product — Where relations live
- Direct Proof — Proving the three properties
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